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Week Eight: Summation and Integration
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PrintIn Week Eight, we wrap up our sojourn through the introduction to Philosophy, with syntheses and integrations of the ideas, concepts, methods, and ideologies we have seen for the past seven weeks. A good style for understanding how these Philosophers and their ideas fit together is to compare and contrast their ideas and methods.
Learning Goals
By the end of Week Eight, you should be able to demonstrate the following skills:
- Establish three main trends in western thought from Socrates to Russell
- Define what a philosopher does
- Analyze the relationship between philosophical ideas and everyday experience
- Articulate three situations where one might need a philosophical approach useful
- Think about the limits of Western philosophy
Go out like a philosophical lion. Organize clearly, write grammatically and think deeply.
1. Does the Western philosophical tradition have limitations or weaknesses? Explain.
2. Give one example of how one might use a philosophical approach to resolve a conflict/make a difficult decision/argue for an important position. Explain how the approach is philosophical.
Week Eight Learning Resources
“The Problems of Philosophy” by Bertrand Russell
The Problems of PhilosophyBertrand Russell
Home University Library, 1912 Oxford University Press paperback, 1959 Reprinted, 1971-2
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CONTENTS
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PREFACE
- APPEARANCE AND REALITY
- THE EXISTENCE OR MATTER
- THE NATURE OF MATTER
- IDEALISM
- KNOWLEDGE BY ACQUAINTANCE AND KNOWLEDGE BY DESCRIPTION
- ON INDUCTION
- ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- HOW A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE IS POSSIBLE
- THE WORLD OF UNIVERSALS
- ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSALS
- ON INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE
- TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD
- KNOWLEDGE, ERROR, AND PROBABLE OPINION
- THE LIMITS OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
- THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
PREFACE
IN the following pages I have confined myself in the main to those problems of philosophy in regard to which I thought it possible to say something positive and constructive, since merely negative criticism seemed out of place. For this reason, theory of knowledge occupies a larger space than metaphysics in the present volume, and some topics much discussed by philosophers are treated very briefly, if at all.
1912
NOTE TO SEVENTEENTH IMPRESSION
WITH reference to certain statements on pages 44, 75, 131, and 132, it should be remarked that this book was written in the early part of 1912 when China was still an Empire, and the name of the then late Prime Minister did begin with the letter B.
1943
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
The student who wishes to acquire an elementary knowledge of philosophy will find it both easier and more profitable to read some of the works of the great philosophers than to attempt to derive an all-round view from handbooks. The following are specially recommended:
PLATO: Republic, especially Books VI and VII.
DESCARTES: Meditations.
SPINOZA: Ethics.
LEIBNIZ: The Monadology.
BERKELEY: Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous.
HUME: Enquiry concerning Human Understanding.
KANT: Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics.
{*} [“It is perhaps worth mentioning that Chapters 1-10 are the ‘unpublished’ writings of mine, to which Lord Russell refers in the Preface to The Problems of Philosophy.” G. E. Moore, Preface to Some Main Problems of Philosophy (1953) (A. Chrucky)]
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